I'd like to highlight one article in particular: a discussion of the "God works in mysterious ways" response: do we have enough evidence to believe that there is a reason for all the suffering in the world, but humans aren't smart enough to understand what that reason is?
So we wound up skipping this topic in class, but if you're interested in Hume's question of what could justify inductive reasoning, here's an article all about the problem of induction for you.
If you're tired of that one, there's also a new problem of induction. Or, you could watch this video of Lewis Black describing his failure to reason inductively every year around Halloween:
Hume argues that attempts to justify induction beg the question: we believe in inductive reasoning because we think the future will be like the past. But the only reason we believe that is because we trust inductive reasoning: we've seen past patterns continue before a lot, so assume it will keep going that way! That begs the question: it assumes the very thing we're trying to prove. Here's a dinosaur comic on question-begging.
Finally, here's a stick figure comic about scientists' efforts to confirm that the future will be like the past.
But hey, why read when you can watch a video? With that in mind, here's Pinker's appearance on The Colbert Report:
Pinker has a few books on this stuff, and a lot of other interesting articles, too. Not everyone agrees with Pinker, though. Here's an article about a South American tribe that might be a counterexample to the claim that there are innate aspects of language development.
There is a collection of resources all about the problem of evil, including criticisms of several different responses to the problem. I mean, wow.
